Breast Cancer The Epidemic Essay - 1332 Words

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Head Start Participation And School Readiness Evidence...

Head Start programs have been around since 1965, when there were many children living in low income households. The purpose for Head Start was to provide an education, health services, nutrition, and other helpful services for the children. President Lyndon B. John wanted all children from low income families to be prepared for school when it came time for them to start school. In the study, Head Start Participation and School Readiness: Evidence From the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort by Lee, Zhai, Brooks-Gunn, Han, Waldfogel in 2014, it showed that there a few benefits and some things that needed to be worked on to help children more. 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A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech Free Essays

string(131) " its meaning is more general or specific compared with its near-synonymous counterparts,† \[7\] in either low or high Cantonese\." 2012 International Conference on Asian Language Processing A Corpus-based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech John Lee Halliday Centre for Intelligent Applications of Language Studies Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics City University of Hong Kong jsylee@cityu. edu. hk Abstract—We present a corpus-based analysis of the use of mixed code in Hong Kong speech. We will write a custom essay sample on A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech or any similar topic only for you Order Now From transcriptions of Cantonese television programs, we identify English words embedded within Cantonese utterances, and investigate the motivations for such code-switching. Among the many motivations observed in previous research, we found that four alone account for more than 95% of the use of English words in our speech data across genres, genders, and age groups. We performed analyses over more than 60 hours of transcribed speech, resulting in one of the largest empirical studies to-date on this linguistic phenomenon. Keywords-code-mixing; English; corpus linguistics. code-switching; Cantonese; II. PREVIOUS RESEARCH I. INTRODUCTION While Cantonese is the mother tongue for the vast majority of the people in Hong Kong, English is also spoken by 43% of the population [1], reflecting the city’s heritage as a British colony. A well-known feature of the speech in Hong Kong is code-switching, i. e. , â€Å"the juxtaposition of passages of speech belonging to two different grammatical systems or sub-systems, within the same exchange† [2]. Specifically, in the case of Hong Kong, the two grammatical systems are Cantonese and English. The former serves as the ‘matrix language’, and the latter as the ‘embedded language’, resulting in Cantonese sentences with English segments such as (example taken from [3]): canteen heoi3 canteen jam2 caa4 ‘let’s go to the canteen for lunch’ Here, the English segment contains only one word (‘canteen’), but in general, it can be a whole clause. We will use the general term ‘code-switching’ rather than the more specific term ‘code-mixing’, which refers to switching below the clause level, even though most English segments in our corpus indeed contain only one or two words (see Table 3). There is already a large body of literature devoted to the study of Cantonese-English code-switching from the theoretical linguistic point of view [3,4,5]. This paper investigates the motivations behind the use of mixed code, on the basis of a large dataset of speech transcribed from television programs. In Section II, we outline previous research on the motivations of code-switching, and discuss how our investigation complements theirs. In Section III, we describe our methodology for corpus construction, in particular the design of the taxonomy of code-switching motivations. In Section IV, we present an analysis of these motivations according to genre, gender and age. The first major framework for classifying codeswitching motivations in Hong Kong consists of two categories: ‘expedient’ and ‘orientational’ [6]. Central to this framework is the distinction between words in ‘high Cantonese’ and ‘low Cantonese’. In everyday conversations, a speaker sometimes cannot find any word from ‘low Cantonese’ to describe an object, institution or idea (e. g. , ‘application form’). Using a word from ‘high Cantonese’ (e. g. , biu2 gaak3), however, would sound too formal and therefore stylistically inappropriate. In expedient mixing, the speaker resorts to an English word; the mixing is pragmatically motivated. In contrast, orientational mixing is socially motivated. The speaker chooses to use English (e. g. , ‘barbecue’) despite the availability of equivalent words from both ‘low Cantonese’ (e. g. , siu2 je5 sik6) and ‘high Cantonese’ (e. g. , siu1 haau1), since he perceives the subject matter to be inherently more ‘western’. This dichotomy has been criticized as overly simplistic, because of the ambiguity in defining lexical and stylistic equivalents among ‘low Cantonese’, ‘high Cantonese’, and English. Instead, a four-way taxonomy is proposed: euphemism, specificity, bilingual punning, and the principle of economy [7]. This taxonomy is then further extended, in a study of code-switching in text media [8], to include quotations, doubling, identity marking, and interjection. These categories will be explained in detail in Section III. While these classification systems are comprehensive and well grounded, they do not per se convey any sense of the relative importance or distribution of the various motivations. Our goal is, first, to empirically verify the coverage of these classification systems on a large dataset of transcribed speech; and, second, to give quantitative answers to questions such as: Which kinds of motivations are the most prominent? Does the range of motivations differ according to the speech genre, or to the speaker’s gender or age? We now turn our attention to the methodology for constructing and annotating a speech corpus for these research purposes. III. DATA A. Source Material Our corpus is constructed from television programs broadcast in Hong Kong within the last four years by Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB). The programs belong to a variety of genres, including two drama series, three current-affairs shows, a news program, and a talk show. The news program, TVB News at Six-Thirty, carries the most formal register, containing mostly pre-planned 165 978-0-7695-4886-9/12 $26. 00  © 2012 IEEE DOI 10. 1109/IALP. 2012. 10 speech by the anchor. The current-affairs shows, Tuesday Report, Sunday Report and Hong Kong Connection, are serious in tone but contain spontaneous discussions. The talk show, My Sweets, is about food and drink. It also contains spontaneous discussions, but the topics tend to be lighter. Although pre-planned, the speech in both drama series, Moonlight Resonance and Yes Sir, Sorry Sir, is arguably the least formal in register, designed to reflect natural speech in everyday life. Details of these TV programs are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Television programs that serve as the source material of our corpus. Genre Program Length Current Tuesday Report ( ), 135 episodes affairs ), X 20 minutes Sunday Report ( Hong Kong Connection ( ) Talk 24 episodes My Sweets ( ) show X 30 minutes Euphemism: When a Cantonese word explicitly mentions something that the speaker finds embarrassing, s/he might opt for an English word that contains no such mention. For example, to avoid the female body part hung1 ‘breast’ in the word hung1 wai4 ‘bra’, the speaker might prefer to use the English ‘bra’ (all examples are taken from [7]): bra tau3 bra gaak3 gaak3 ‘A princess whose bra is visible’ Specificity: â€Å"Sometimes an English expression is preferred because its meaning is more general or specific compared with its near-synonymous counterparts,† [7] in either low or high Cantonese. You read "A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech" in category "Papers" For example, the verb ‘to book’ means ‘to make a reservation for which no money or deposit is required’, which is more specific than its closest equivalent in Cantonese, deng6 ‘to make a reservation’. It is often used in sentences such as: book ngo5 soeng2 book saam1 dim2 ‘I want to book 3 o’clock’ Principle of Economy: â€Å"An English expression may also be preferred because it is shorter and thus requires less linguistic effort compared with its Chinese/Cantonese equivalent. † [7] While the word ‘check-in’ has two syllables, its Cantonese equivalent baan6 lei5 dang1 gei1 sau2 zuk6 ‘check-in [on a plane]’ has six. The principle of economy is thus likely the reason behind mixed code such as: check-in nei5 check-in zo2 mei6 aa3 ‘Have you checked in already? ’ The taxonomy in [8] builds on the one in [7], further enriching it with categories2 below: Quotation: When citing text or someone else’s speech, one often prefers to use the original code to avoid having to perform translation. An example is direct speech: â€Å"What do you think? † jau5 go3 pang4 jau5 man6 ngo5 what do you think ‘A friend asked me, â€Å"What do you think? ’ Doubling: Originally named ‘Emphasis or avoidance of repetition’ [8], it will be referred to as ‘Doubling’ [9] here to make it explicit, as this category refers to English words that are embedded alongside Cantonese words that have the same or nearly the same meaning. The purpose is to emphasize the idea or to avoid repetitions. In the following sentence, it serves as an emphasis: 2 News Drama TVB News at Six-Thirty ( ) Moonlight Resonance ( ), Yes Sir, Sorry Sir ( Sir Sir) 5 episodes X 20 minutes 4 episodes X 45 minutes B. Data Processing From the television programs listed in Table 1, all code-mixed utterances were transcribed, preserving the original languages, either Cantonese or English. Following standard practice, loan words are not considered to be mixed code; in our context, all English words (e. g. , ‘taxi’) that have been adapted into Cantonese phonology (e. g. , dik1 si2) were excluded. The TV captions corresponding to each of these utterances are also recorded as part of the corpus. These captions are in standard Chinese, rather than Cantonese. Furthermore, alignments between the Chinese word(s) in the caption and the English word(s) in the utterance are annotated. This information will be used in the classification of motivations. Finally, two kinds of metadata about the speaker are recorded: gender (male or female) and age group (teenager or adult). C. Taxonomy of Code-Switching Motivations Our goal is to quantitatively characterize the motivations behind code-switching; to this end, each English segment in the Cantonese sentences in our corpus is to be labeled with a motivation. Due to time constraint, this classification was performed only on the currentaffairs and talk shows. The ‘expedient’ vs. ‘orientational’ classification system is too coarse for our purpose. Instead, we adopted the taxonomy in [7,8] as our starting point, then introduced some new categories to accommodate our data. The categories in [7] are1: 1 A fourth category, ‘bilingual punning’, is excluded from our taxonomy. As may be expected, punning is rarer in speech, and is indeed not found in our corpus. Among these categories is ‘identity marking’, for mixed code that marks â€Å"social characteristics such as social status, education status, occupation, as well as regional affiliation. [8] We found it difficult to objectively identify this motivation, and excluded it from our taxonomy. 166 Very good very good m4 co3 aa1 ‘Very good, very good! ’ Interjection: English interjections may be inserted into the Cantonese sentence. For example: Anyway anyway nei5 hou2 sai1 lei6 ak1 ‘Anyway, you are awesome! ’ A signi ficant amount of mixed code in our corpus, however, still does not fit into any of the above categories. Most fall under one of two reasons, ‘Personal Name’ and ‘Register’. We therefore added them to our taxonomy: Register: This is roughly equivalent to the ‘expedient’ category in [6], but will be referred to as ‘Register’ in this paper to make the motivation explicit. Sometimes, the speaker cannot find any equivalent ‘low Cantonese’ word, but feels awkward to use a more formal ‘high Cantonese’ word (e. g. , paai1 deoi3 ‘party’). As a result, s/he resorts to an English equivalent instead. For example, party hoi1 ci2 laa1 ngo5 dei6 go3 party ‘Our party is starting’ Personal Name: It is common practice among Hong Kong people to adopt an English name. Although this phenomenon may be considered ‘orientational’ codemixing in terms of the ‘western’ perception [6], it is given its own category, because it is very specific and accounts for a substantial amount of our data. A typical example is: Teresa, Teresa ngo5 dei6 zing2 dak1 leng3 m4 leng3 ‘Teresa, did we make it nicely? ’ D. Annotation Procedure We thus have a total of eight categories in our taxonomy of code-switching motivations. Five of these categories – namely, ‘euphemism’, ‘quotation’, ‘doubling’, ‘interjection’, and ‘personal name’ – can usually be unambiguously discerned. The annotator, however, has often found it difficult to distinguish between ‘specificity’, ‘register’, and ‘principle of economy’. To maintain consistency, we adopted the following procedure. When an English segment does not fit into any of the five â€Å"easy† categories, the annotator is to decide whether it has the same meaning as the Chinese word in the caption to which it is aligned. If it is deemed not to have the same meaning, then it is assigned ‘specificity’. If it is equivalent in meaning, and the annotator cannot think of any equivalent in ‘low Cantonese’, then it is labeled ‘register’. Lastly, if there is a ‘low Cantonese’ equivalent, but its number of syllables is larger than that of the English segment, then the motivation is ‘principle of economy’. IV. ANALYSIS English segments in Cantonese speech (section A), then discuss the distribution of the categories of motivations, both overall and with respect to genres, genders, and age groups (section B). A. Density and Length of English Segments It is well known that English words are sprinkled rather liberally in the Cantonese speech in Hong Kong. We measure how the frequency of English segments varies across different genres. As shown in Table 2, the frequency correlates with the register of the genre (see Section III. A). In the drama series, the most colloquial genre, one and a half English words are uttered per minute on average. The talk show occupies second place, and the current affairs shows have slightly less frequent English words. In the news program, where the speech is preplanned, the anchor did not utter any English word. Table 2: The total number of Cantonese sentences containing English segments, and the total number of English words transcribed. The last column shows how often an English word is uttered. Program genre Drama Talk show Current affairs News # sent with English 219 487 1495 0 # English words 259 625 1995 0 Frequency (words/min) 1. 4 0. 87 0. 74 0 Second, we measure the length of the English segments. Table 3 shows that the vast majority of English segments contain no more than two words. Across all genres, more than 80% of the English segments consist of only one English word. This figure is comparable to the 81. 4% for text data reported in [8]. Table 3: Proportion of English segments with only one (e. g. , â€Å"canteen†) or two words (e. g. , â€Å"thank you†). Program genre Drama Current affairs Talk show One-word 85% 85% 81% Two-word 11% 11% 17% This section presents some preliminary analyses on this corpus. We first consider the frequency and length of B. Motivations for the use of mixed code A plethora of motivations have been posited for the use of mixed code in Hong Kong (see Section II). Applying our proposed classification system (see Section III. C) on our corpus of transcribed speech, we aim now to discern the relative prevalence of the various kinds of codeswitching motivations. Table 4 shows the distribution of these motivations in the current-affairs and the talk shows. Four dominant motivations – chiefly ‘register’, but also ‘personal name’, ‘principle of economy’, and ‘specificity’ – are attributed to more than 95% of the English segments. This trend is the same across genres (current-affairs and talk shows), genders (see Table 6), and age groups (see Table 5). All other categories, including quotations, euphemism, doubling, and interjection, are relatively infrequent. Genres. Among the four dominant motivations, ‘register’ – the use of appropriately informal words – is the most frequent motivation in both the current-affairs and 167 talk shows. Its proportion, however, is significantly more marked (47. 4%) in the talk show than in current affairs (36. 4%), reflecting the more informal nature of the former. Table 4: Distribution of code-switching motivations, contrasted between genres. Motivation Current affairs Talk show Register 36. 4% 47. 4% Personal Name 26. 8% 24. 5% Principle of economy 19. 0% 17. 6% Specificity 13. 2% 8. 2% Quotation 2. 1% 1. 0% Doubling 1. 4% 0. 4% Interjection 0. 9% 1. 0% Euphemism 0. 3% 0% Age groups. Table 5 contrasts the distributions of code-switching motivations between adults and teenagers in the current-affairs shows 3 . As mentioned above, the four major motivations remain constant. However, teenagers are much more likely than adults to use English words to achieve more informal register (52. 4% vs. 35. 1%). They also tend more to opt for English to save effort (23. 8% vs. 18. 6%). Somewhat surprisingly at first glance, teenagers address others in English names less often than adults (2. 4% vs. 28. 8%); it turns out that in the conversations in our corpus, teenagers often prefer to address adults with the more formal Chinese names, likely out of respect. Table 5: Distribution of code-switching motivations, contrasted between age groups. Motivation Adults Teenagers Register 35. 1% 52. 4% Personal Name 28. 8% 2. 4% Principle of economy 18. 6% 23. 8% Specificity 13. 1% 14. 3% Quotation 1. 9% 4. 0% Doubling 1. 3% 2. 4% Interjection 0. 9% 0% Euphemism 0. 3% 0. 8% use English names to address others (32. 9% vs. 18. 9%); men, on the other hand, more frequently use English words to reduce effort (22. 9% vs. 14. 8%). V. CONCLUSIONS We have described the construction of a corpus of Cantonese-English mixed code, based on speech transcribed from television programs in Hong Kong. Drawn from more than 60 hours of speech, this corpus is among the largest of its type. A novel feature of the corpus is the annotation of the motivation behind each code-mixed utterance. Having proposed a classification system for these motivations, we applied it on our corpus, and reported differences in the use of mixed code between genres, genders and age groups. A key finding is that four main motivations – ‘register’, ‘personal name’, ‘principle of economy’, and ‘specificity’ — account for more than 95% of the embedded English segments. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This project was partially funded by a Small-Scale Research Grant from the Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics at City University of Hong Kong. We thank Man Chong Mak and Hiu Yan Wong for compiling the corpus and performing annotation. REFERENCES [1] K. H. Y. Chen, â€Å"The Social Distinctiveness of Two Code-mixing Styles in Hong Kong,† in Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism, MA: Cascadilla Press, 2005, pp. 527541. J. Gumperz, â€Å"The sociolinguistic significance of conversational code-switching,† in RELC Journal 8(2), 1977, pp. 1—34. J. Gibbons, â€Å"Code-mixing and koineizing in the speech of students at the university of Hong Kong†, in Anthropological Linguistics 21(3), 1979, pp. 113—123. B. H. -S. Chan, â€Å"How does Cantonese-English code-mixing work? †, in Language in Hong Kong at Century’s End, M. C. Pennington (ed. ), 1998, pp. 191—216, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. D. C. S. Li, â€Å"Linguistic convergence: Impact of English on Hong Kong Cantonese,† in Asian Englishes 2(1), 1999, pp. 5—36. K. K. Luke, â€Å"Why two languages might be better than one: motivations of language mixing in Hong Kong†, in Language in Hong Kong at Century’s End, M. C. Pennington (ed. ), 1998, pp. 145—159, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. D. C. S. Li, â€Å"Cantonese-English code-switching research in Hong Kong: a Y2K review,† in World Englishes 19(3), 2000, pp. 305— 322. H. Cao, â€Å"Development of a Cantonese-English code-mixing speech recognition system,† PhD dissertation, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. R. Appel and P. Muysken, Language contact and bilingualism. London: Arnold, 1987. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Table 6: Distribution of code-switching motivations, contrasted between genders. Motivation Female Male Register 37. 5% 40. 7% Personal Name 32. 9% 18. 9% Principle of economy 14. 8% 22. 9% Specificity 10. 9% 13. 2% Quotation 1. 9% 1. 7% Doubling 1. 1% 1. 3% Interjection 0. 7% 1. 1% Euphemism 0. 3% 0. 2% Genders. Finally, we investigate whether codeswitching motivations are biased according to gender. Aggregating statistics from both the current-affairs and talk shows, Table 6 compares the motivations of males and those of females. Females are shown to be more likely to 3 [7] [8] [9] The speakers in the talk show are predominantly adults. 168 How to cite A Corpus-Based Analysis of Mixed Code in Hong Kong Speech, Papers

A Literary Critique of C. S. Lewis Essay Example For Students

A Literary Critique of C. S. Lewis Essay A Relativist said, The world does not exist, England does not exist, Oxford does not exist and I am confident that I do not Exist! When Lewis was asked to reply, he stood up and said, How am I to talk to a man whos not there? C. S. Lewis: A Biography Clive Staples Lewis was born, in 1898, in Belfast. C. S. Lewis was educated at various schools in England. In 1914, Lewis began studying Latin, Greek, French, German and Italian under the private tuition of W. T. Kirkpatrick. He then moved to Oxford where his studies were interrupted by World War I 1917. Two years later he was back in Oxford resuming his studies. In 1924, Lewis was elected to teach Literature and Language at Magdalen College, Oxford and remained there till 1954. During this time period in his life, Lewis wrote the majority of his work. Lewis moved to Cambridge for the remainder of his life teaching Medieval and Renaissance Literature.1 C. S. Lewis was a man dedicated to the pursuit of truth who believed in argument, in disputation, and in the dialectic of Reason. . .2 He began his pursuit of truth as an atheist and ended up as a Christian. His works the Problem of Pain and Mere Christianity dealt with issues he struggled with. Mere Christianity consists of three separate radio broadcasts. One of the broadcasts was titled The Case For Christianity. In The Case For Christianity, Lewis discussed two crucial topics in his apologetic defense of Christianity. They were the Right and Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe and What Christians Believe. This critique will address the first chapter. Right and Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe, can be broken into three parts. The first deals with moral law and its existence. The second addresses the idea of a power or mind behind the universe, who, is intensely interested in right conduct. Also that this power or God is good. Good as in the area of truth, not soft and sympathetic. The third point moves to Christianity, its attributes and why it was necessary for the long round-about approach . The law of nature binds humans as would the laws of gravity apply to a falling stone. It is called the law of nature because it does not need to be taught. Lewis points out that an odd individual may exist here and there who didnt know it, just as you find s few people who are colour-blind or have no ear for tune. But taking the race as a whole, they thought that the human idea of Decent Behavior was obvious to every one.3 Lewis brilliantly defended his statement of natural laws existence. Two arguments, which argue for relativity, posted against him are the herd instincts or genetic inborn in us i.e. motherly love, survival or sexual impulses and that which is taught socially or learned. Historically, these to interpretations of human behavior  have clashed, however, he suggest that reason is above both. He clarifies his position by classifying impulses as separate from the decision to follow the impulse itself. The learned argument is refuted by his analogy of a boy on the island who is unaware of the existence of the process of multiplication. He never attended school and learned them. The education would be classified as human convention. This human convention, consequently, did not invent multiplication just as it did not invent the law of nature. However, this comparison is based on a false assumption. The law of nature, as Lewis argued, is not taught but some how exists as an inherent part of the human psyche. This law also presents itself in the form of decisions and actions in line with what ought to be done. There is no school-room which imparts this law and the practice of it. Consequently, mathematics needs to be taught and learned. The attempts to equate the law of nature with mathematics in an analogy is misleading. The only connection between mathematics and the law is the nature of its existence and the commonality of not being a human convention. The Great Gatsby and the American Dream EssayLewis dedicates a chapter in his work, The Problem of Pain, to explaining this apparent contradiction. He also tackles the concept of impossibility in relation to omnipotence. The dialectic analysis consists of things intrinsically possible and the things intrinsically impossible.7 A God of omnipotent power can do all things intrinsically possible. The reference to God performing the intrinsically impossible is nonsensical and foolishness to Lewis. The attribution of miracles and supernatural occurrences to God can be explained as possible, though humans perceive it as impossible. Clyde S. Kilby argues the point of free will and Gods power in context to Lewis work on the existence of pain. Kilby states that: Suppose that in my eagerness to be perfectly happy I persuade God day after day to change all prevailing conditions to my wishes. But if all conditions follow my wishes, it is obvious that they cannot possibly follow your wishes also and you will therefore be deprived of your freedom. Freedom is impossible in a world subject to  whim.8 Therefore, pains existence in a universe created by a good and omnipotent God is logically feasible. The next work by C. S. Lewis is The Worlds Last Night. This work contains an essay on prayer. Lewis examined prayer and its purpose by asking certain questions. Questions like, What evidence would prove the efficacy of prayer? 9 If a prayer is answered, how can you ever know it was not going to happen anyway?10 The answer to a prayer does no provide irrefutable evidence of the efficacy of prayer. Does prayer work? Lewis states that prayer is not a machine by which one could plug in the right phrases and get the results. He defines prayer as either a sheer illusion or a personal contact between embryonic, incomplete persons ourselvesand the utterly concrete Person.11 If in fact prayer is a sheer illusion its purpose would be for the vocalization of wishful thinking. Whether the desired result comes to pass is completely based on fate or the simple fact that it was going to happen anyway. If is indeed a contact to an utterly concrete Person to what avail? What advice can a finite and intellectually limited person give to an omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent being? Lewis states, Our act, when we pray, must not, any more than all our other acts, be separate from the continuous act of God Himself, in which alone all finite causes operate.12 Prayer, according to Lewis, is a statement according to the will or actions of God. The will of God is knowable according to Lewis. However, he does not mention what Gods will was/is. In the following paragraphs Lewis conveniently changes his direction addressing an other aspect of prayer. He also does not explain how one goes about finding Gods will or why would God want to hear billions of little voices telling Him what His will is. Lewis does a poor job justifying the efficacy of prayer. It can be seen that C. S. Lewis analysis was always in terms of black and white or extremes. Any other alternative is either foolishness or unthinkable. He wielded the dialectic process of analysis as though it were second nature to him. His well trained mind synthesized theological dilemmas for the layman. Constantly referring to himself as a layman himself, Lewis left the details of theological doctrine and philosophy to those who were experts. He was only interested in his own personal questions concerning Christianity and sharing his well thought out answers to others. This critique of C. S. Lewis contains various selections from three of his books. The first work address the topic of Right and Wrong as a Clue to the Meaning of the Universe. In this section Lewis argues for the existence of absolutes, God and the validity of Christianity. The second work which was examined was The Problem of Pain. A selection on the omnipotent power of a good God was discussed in terms of the intrinsically impossible and the existence of pain.  Thirdly, the efficacy of prayer was addressed in critical questioning of the purpose its existence.

The Truth about Random Roommates in College

When I received the notice, I was overcome with feelings of negativity. It wasn’t so much that I was worried that I would be uncomfortable. Actually yes, it was that I was worried that I would be uncomfortable. But, it was also because I expected some sense of control, some sense of intrinsic comfort that I grew up so accustomed to. Rooming with two random guys wasn’t my first choice, but it became a reality I had to quickly allow myself to come to terms with. This isn’t to say that my two random roommates were people of similar backgrounds as I either, because it seemed as though someone in Xavier University’s Admittance Department wanted to create a melting pot in a room made for two. There was Shuhei, a 5’6†, Japanese 18 year old who, at the time, was living in New Jersey by himself. Through stalking him on Facebook, not only did I find out that he played hockey, but also that he hadn’t updated his profile since Sophomore year. â€Å"What an individual,† I thought to myself. The visualizations began to flourish. Then there was Kyle, a 6’2†, Filipino and African American 18 year old who not only had an ESPN profile, but also a few videos on Youtube performing in his Chicago based high school’s plays and participating in their morning broadcasting service. â€Å"In comparison,† I began to think, â€Å"I definitely come in second in terms of enduring characteristics. â€Å" So, there I sat, motionless on my friend’s couch, worried that college was going to be some sort of an impossible task because not only am I living in a room that’s too small for us, but also because I couldn’t be more different than both of them. I decided to do what any logical thinker with some traces of generalized anxiety would do: start a group chat. It didn’t take long for me to realize that we were all feeling the same way and we all wanted to make the best out of the hand we were dealt. Let’s just say that our best exceeded all of our expectations. Rooted in a bit of a clichà ©, we did become the best of friends. Rooming together with two other people in close quarters forces a new kind of relationship to develop. There is a constant reminder that although these people are strangers, we use on the same toilet and shower now. Although these people are strangers, we sleep in bunk beds on top of each other. Although these people are strangers, it doesn’t mean that we cannot become close. There is one, important idea to remember when you get your roommate assignment: they are feeling the same exact way you are in that situation, and chances are you share something in common. Each university attracts and accepts specific kinds of people that make up their student body. So, if you were accepted and chose to attend, you are bound to find some common ground. Open yourself up to others, so others will open up to you. Written by a student at Xavier University.

Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative essay must be developed on specific arguments.   It is a must.   Argumentative essay can be based on your personal opinion; however, it will be weak if you do not provide specific examples supporting your point of view.   From the first lines of your argumentative essay, your position on the discussed issue should be clear to the reader.   Nevertheless, it does not mean that you should not mention an opposite opinions.   On the contrary, your argumentative essay should include specific references to other side of the debate.   Writing an argumentative essay about smoking ban, for example, you should definitely think about both sides of the argument, choose the one you support, explain why it is right as well as mention why the other side is wrong.   If you use secondary sources (articles, journals, books, and the Internet), you must give a credit to the author - do not forget to cite everything you use! Writing an Argumentative Essay Writing an essay you must avoid plagiarism!   Your argumentative essay must be written in your own words.   Take into account that paraphrasing is the same as plagiarism!   Plan your time wisely to avoid rush.   It is possible to write a good argumentative essay overnight for an experienced writer; but it is hardly achievable for an average student.   Thus, give yourself at least a couple of days to write, structure, and revise your argumentative essay.   Do not forget about argumentative essay editing - ask your friend or a parent to read your essay aloud. Does it sound convincing?   Does it flow logically? Argumentative Essay Writing Every step of argumentative essay writing must be carefully reviewed.   You cannot simply submit an essay without even reading it for the second time.   Usually, there are many mistakes you may not have noticed. For example, you had an idea in mind but did not express it clearly or omitted the word.   Such mistakes are not very serious but they will definitely affect your grade negatively.   Ordering custom writing service, you receive perfect argumentative essay written by experienced writer.   You may ask for revisions and amendments as many times as you want.   Argumentative essay is very interesting to write but it becomes a real challenge if you do not know how to start writing it.

International Business - SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - SWOT Analysis - Essay Example Similarly ICC Championship Cricket Tournament is slated to be held in October in India, which could provide Rebel Sports an opportunity to enter the vast Indian market. Asian games are to be held in Doha (Qatar), again an opportunity for Rebel Sports to become 'known' to international customers. Such trial launches have a big advantage, they provide an easy escape route in case the company feels that the market is too hot to handle. Launches coinciding with sporting events give an extra inch of publicity. The company has to do a realistic feedback analysis regarding the acceptance of its brand and the reactions of competitors. Accordingly the company is to plan its future strategy. It can even keep the doors of alliances open with other companies after such trial launches. Plan Publicity Campaigns: This is a media age. Media campaigns are almost a necessity now. Moreover in these types of sporting figure having an image of demigods, things become little easier (though little costly) for companies like Rebel Sports. Also for example, Indian Films are very much popular not only within India but in the subcontinent as well. The sheer numbers of Indian migrant community in almost every country in the subcontinent makes Film stars too an obvious choice to launch such campaigns. Recruitment: On whatever scale the company wishes to launch its campaigns in any country/ region it needs to have some minimum workforce. The strategists can be from Australia but the ground level workers have to be from the target country. For this the company can get in touch with some HR consultants, providing staff on contract basis, to avoid any long-term obligations. Reaching Out to the Customers: Having done all the spadework the company is now ready to approach the customer. An international brand has to be seen in the market place in a manner befitting its reputation. Therefore local level tie-ups with some show rooms, shopping malls help in a big way. The showrooms/ Shopping malls are to be extended some lucrative offers for them to display Rebel Sports products prominently and to recommend these products to the customers (if the company has already launched a media campaign things become much easier). Gathering Feedback: Now is the time to take stock of its operations in the newer market. Simple business proposition states, the company has to be ready for some losses initially, that's exactly what Rebel Sports is supposed to do. And then study the business proposition over a period of time. A couple of months is enough for the company to plan its future. Conclusion: New avenues for business are explored when environment demands increase in pace of activity. Strategists feel more satisfied and comfortable with the prospects of growth from expansion. Rebel Sports has an experience of more than 20 years in this field so it can very well plan a strategy for opening stores in other countries as well. Today, rules of business success have changed.

Did Modernism Develop in Paris or Vienna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Did Modernism Develop in Paris or Vienna - Essay Example The essay "Did Modernism Develop in Paris or Vienna" aims to explore whether modernism born in Paris or Vienna. Nevertheless, Paris is credited with being the city where modernism started and took shape, owing to the fact that it presented the best access to valiant art dealers, who then bought and sold the works of arts, making it an interesting destination for international artists. The thought of modernism in Paris started much earlier compared to Vienna, at around 1871 and the early 1890s respectively. The difference is only that; once the concept of art modernism kicked in Vienna, it had an exponential growth. Further, Paris provided the breeding ground for young and radical poets and authors from America. This is because, the works of such authors and poets were rejected in America, and consequently, they headed for Paris, where they found the presence of other young publishers who had mall independent publishing companies, and who were ready to publish their works of art. Ther efore, Paris became the new ground for challenging artists, an aspect that in turn helped to create the unprecedented growth of the artists and their works of art, and thus Paris came to be referred as the ‘city of light’, to represent its ability to create new insights for artists in relation to modernism in their work of art. Vincent van Gogh was one of the artists who kicked off art modernism in Paris, but his paintings did not attract much attention when he was alive as they did when he died.

Workplace industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Workplace industry - Essay Example It is evident that every organization has unique policies and strategies all synchronized towards achieving the goals of that particular organization. With diverse culture and management styles in today’s workplace, the employees, especially the women become more vulnerable to unfavourable policies, management, office culture, and labour (Blackard, 2000). This has especially affected women in occupations considered to be the domain of their male counterparts like the mining industry. This essay discusses the role of management in the work place, resistance and coping, and how these knowledge enables one to understand the challenges of ‘women in mining’ with reference to individual employees, frontline manages, and the unions. The role of management in the work place In most industrial relations, the role management plays is very important especially where the organization structure is broad and complex to the extent of containing numerous management lines. Blackar d (2000) relates the complexity to how the management of the organization may categorize the management structure. The manner in which a given organization reacts to any incidence of flexibilities is more often than not dependent on the effectiveness of the management structure and the efficiency with which all the staff at the managerial level deliver their services. Flexibility in the workplace is vital as the modern market environment is stormier than never before and this leads mangers to rethink their strategies like establishing the role played by women in the managerial positions (Blackard, 2000).   Most organizations use three approaches in managing the affairs of their company, be it a physical company or a company operating on a virtual platform like the internet. When the management uses the trust approach, it either allows or restricts the employees’ within their workplace to operate with or without supervision. This approach depicts that the level of supervisio n a manager accords an employee is dependent on their trustworthiness. Other approaches used by some management include collective versus individualising approach, and structured versus unstructured approach (Blackard, 2000).   Women in the mining industry encounter this challenge in their respective workplaces in that some of their fellow employees show some element of distrust towards them. This approach is really discouraging as the some front managers and the mining firms in general take advantage of this level of distrust to infuse strict supervision on the women employees. The collective versus individualising approach deals with the extent to which women miners can participate in the formation and implementation of their union’s agenda. Most mining firms deny women the right to have representations in the unions. The structured approach entails the explicit nature of company policies as appertains to matters affecting women miners. It is obvious that some mining firm s do not have policies that classify women specially and differently. This loophole enables other employees to discriminate against and assault women (Blackard, 2000).   Resistance and coping According to Gregory (2003), several mining firms are a hostile environment. This is especially so to the women in terms of the working conditions, the complicated company policies, and the strict disciplinary measures. The faint hearted do not have a place in the firms that require strong resistance and the ability to cope with these difficult conditions. Despite the many challenges that women miners face in these workplaces, most of them have developed a strong resistance and the ability to cope with harsh conditions in such harsh conditions. A classic example of this resistance shows up when

Money Lending Company Is Very Important

Money Lending Company Is Very Important Money Lending Company is very important for a person or company not only in Philippines but also globally. Money Lending Company allows the person or company to lend money to use at any necessary needs but in return they have to pay for it plus its strain. Many people think money lending is all about the involvement of money, particularly for those people who are in this kind of business and for some debtors, but on the second thought we realized that money lending system is not just a typical manual system that calculates the interest and the balances of the debtors. At the very moment that some debtors borrow money to the company may have its security for the data of his/her balances and for those who has this kind of company also has the security that is reliable, paperless works that cause of big expensive by sending the debtors notices through email and text messages. Manual system and computerized system has many differences not only in how to use it but also in the features and the time that you will consume working in the manual than to computerized. Manual system are hardly use by the employee and the time that will consume in saving files on folders and searching the names or the record of the debtors manually. This is one of the reasons why the group decided to make a system that will help them to make their work easy and secured, useful and easy to use by the employee. Lending companies nowadays provides folders, lockers and cabinets to keep the files and data of the debtor and his payment sheets. Manually computing every payments transactions and write in their sheets. It will be hassle for an employee handling a huge number of debtors and sort it one by one. More employees will be involved for the job to finish on time and not that secured file keeping storage. Files may be lost, and misplaced. The proposed system will benefit the employees, the company and the debtors. It will be less hassle to an employee writing the amount of the payment of one entry of debtor, making the company lessens the personnel handling the system. The proposed system will automatically calculate payments, monthly payments, and short payment of the debtor, taxes, and also the penalty for late payments. Due to rapid evolution of technology, numerous manual systems have been automated by computers. An example of this is the database. Before the introduction of computers, during the dark ages of technology, most employers and employees store their files in huge filing cabinets. If by any chance they have to search for a certain file, they dig in and spend a lot of time looking for one or more folders and spends another The group observes that every day, there are numerous persons or company who would like to lend, Due to this case, the Money Lending Company conducts examination of requirements in case the borrower are approved or not. In this setting, the examinees are required to fill up any information or paper-based application. By saying manual, the group notices that the company is using the old pen and paper system. The debtors will be given more than enough time to finish the papers and the information given by the borrower will be written in a separate sheet of bond paper. After the examination for requirements the examinee will be ask to wait for the results. If the applicants will be approved, he will then be scheduled for an interview. If the result shows otherwise, he will not be allowed to borrow. The group sees nothing against this old system but ironically believes that it is about time that Money Lending Company such as Alay Buhay Development Foundation Inc. goes with the flow of todays fast paced technology. There is a lot of Money Lending Company who have adopted the idea of Automated Money Lending Information System. Adopting the same innovation opens yet another portal for Alay Buhay Development Foundation Inc. Potential borrowers will be awed by the latest technology use by the proponent to deliver an accurate computation, information and etc. There are numerous programming languages that are taken into account for further study and review. Among these programming languages are Visual Basic, JAVA, Visual C# and many more. The group believes that undeniably the arrival of Visual C# in the programming language world has made several breakthroughs. With this idea at hand, the group believes that the best programming language that would definitely suit the needs of the Money Lending Information System for Alay Buhay Development Foundation Inc. would be Visual C#. Any information will be kept in a database for future references, in order to secure and kept these information, the group proposes MSSQL. And we will provide a very user friendly interface not only for the borrowers but for the Administrator as well. The group believes that the development of Money Lending Information System for Alay Buhay Development Foundation Inc. will deliver a major impact as the company progresses and evolves into a better Information Technology environment. The study will deliver exciting new look in Money Lending Company system. Background of the Study A dynamic and innovative community development foundation that empowers and transforms lives of the socially disadvantaged, of families and communities, this was the vision of Alay Buhay Development Foundation Inc. which was a Money Lending Company. In 1986 Alay buhay was founded by people who have a tireless effort of helping poor people, because of the dehumanizing effect of the poverty they made this foundation to save a those children that are in need of help. Alay buhay development foundation is not only a typical lending company, this company has also give chances for the poor; they give help to the poor Filipino children to continue their study by making a scholarship program. They decided to have money lending for their company because the benefit of the said program would be given to those children and in additional Alay buhay development foundation also creates a micro entrepreneur for the those people without job. In 2005 Alay buhay have their success of branching out their services in Marikina, Manila, Caloocan and Rizal Province,these places has known for the where numerous numbers of children are not studying and not afford to study. Despite of having branches they must have a system which is secured and reliable for them to have many debtors for the sake of the people who benefits with them. According to Alay Buhay their mission is As a people-oriented development organization, we commit to pursue community-driven and capability-building programs and services through education, enterprise development, and community empowerment projects geared to contribute to national development. This means they will have to develop and help others, by making programs for the benefit of the out of school children, to give projects to develop our community. Alay buhay has known for their various recognition making them become popular by helping other people, they have the recognition given by the Department of social welfare and development(DSWD) as the social work building projects and giving their services for women, family and most specially to the out of school children. They also received recognition from the province of Rizal. The goals of the company are to develop a self-sustaining organization responsive to the needs of targeted communities and to mobilize local and international resources to support Alay Buhays development efforts and initiatives. And the main goal of the company is to partner with communities and organizations towards the fruition of the vision and mission of Alay Buhay. Alay BuhayDevelopment Company is located at 3rd Floor Criselda 1 Building 109 Scout de GuiaStreet,Bgy. Sacred Heart Quezon City, 1103 Philippines it was founded by Mr. Antonio L. Sayo with the partnership of some local government units and some government agencies. Conceptual Framework Statement of the Problem Many of the problems concern the management and employees of money lending companies today. From manual to automated system, is one way of minimizing the problems of having data loss, miscalculation, and secured record keeping of the debtors. The proposed system will have a solution for the problems. How will the proposed system be able to lessen the time and work needed to compute the loans and interests? Can this proposed system be a tool to organize the records needed by the company and data of debtors? What safekeeping measures can we create to avoid redundancy of debtors files? Significance of the Study The significance of this system with regards to the direct person which is the organic employee of the company are the following; in keeping up with the records of the companies clientele it would be easier and more accessible on their part to look it up on a computer database which is more secured and accurate than to rummage it in a manual records filing cabinet. And in keeping an up to date records of the daily transactions of the clients, the strain of manually inputting the records of the daily transactions of a particular client in the record files, it would be much easier for them to directly input the said transactions in the computerized system for the ease of record filing. With regards to the indirect person or debtors, the system will automatically give them an insight to their present loan transaction, wherein they could easily update their loan payment and their loan status; it would also give them more ample time for their other concerns by shortening the time that they will spend in manually inquiring about their loan status. The debtors will also avoid incurring penalties on their loans because the system will alert the company employees of the debtors who are delinquent in their payment of loans. It would also be an ease for the debtors to deal with the companies employees because all the concerns with regards to their loan transactions are all in real time versus the time consuming manual system that would take days to undertake a general loan status inquiry. With regards to the direct impact of the system program on the company, they will for sure attract more clients or debtors to their company because of the ease of transacting business, wherein the computer program system will assist them in all their dealings with their clientele. In terms of Human resources, the company will save time and money by employing a minimal number of employees working for them, because the computer program system in the company will always assist a particular employee in every aspect of their work, and their working conditions will not be too strenuous, because every diverse detail of it can be readily accessible on their computer system program. The company will surely reap more profits and will make a good use of their saved time in other concerns of the company because of using the system program. Scope and Delimitation Scope The proposed system, Money Lending Information System will replace the old paper based system used by Alay Buhay Development Foundation Inc The Money Lending Information System shall be used companys administrator to assess the interest or calculate the annual strain without having problem computing. The system shall be programmed and designed Visual C#. The database which will contain all the data borrower or employer will be stored and kept secure using with Microsoft SQL (MSSQL) and OLEDB will be use to connect the user-interface and database. Advance skill in Visual C# shall provide a very user-friendly interface not only in the staff but for the administrator as well. Before the step proper, the borrower or employer will ask to fill-up a simple information sheet and after the fill-up, the staff will input the information in the proposed system in order to store their credentials in the company database. Their information will be kept in the database for future references. If the borrower or employer will passed the interview and approved, the staff will input necessary information such as type of payment, how much to be borrowed, due date, interest, requirements and other important information. If the old system uses Microsoft Excel to store the borrowers information and compute the interest and payments, the proposed system can convert assessment that are made through Microsoft Excel, the staff are now exempted through manual transferring of data in the database. Emails and text messages will be received by the borrower or employer couple of days to notify them for the due dates. The proposed system will be precise and accurate for the integrity of the company. This system ought to minimize the work load from employees who would have better things to do rather than computing for a long period of time. The borrower or employer is also restricted in editing or deleting any previous content that they have already placed. Delimitation If by any chance that electrical failure or hardware malfunction occurs, the old system will always come in handy. Electrical failure may cause the computers and other gadgets to halt their processes. This means that the old pen and paper method will come in handy during this time. A hardware failure on the other hand may halt the process of the proposed system. If by any chance that the server where the system is installed does not function correctly, a system failure most likely occurs. The systems database is also limited to the maximum capacity of MSSQL and the disk space of the system where the proposed system is currently installed. The common solution is to print the contents or store it in a different media for backup. The proposed system is limited to the calculations and the display of other information. It will not handle any data manipulation such as edit and delete function for it will open the idea of staff to manipulate such an important the data. Definition of terms Loan: An arrangement in which a lender gives money or property to a borrower and the borrower agrees to return the property or repay the money. Debtor: An individual or company that owes debt to another individual or company, as a result of borrowing or issuing bonds also called obligor. Clientele: The client or customers, as of a professional person or shop, considered collectively; a group or body of clients. Lend: To grant the use of money or something else of value, with the understanding that it or something else of will be returned at a future date value. Money Lending System: is money lending application software developed to which able to process large volume of records and transaction data in companies. Interest: The fee charged by a lender to a borrower for the use of borrowed money. Lender: A private, public or institutional entity which makes funds available to others to borrow. Database: consists of an organized collection of data for one or more uses, typically in digital form. Administrator: a person for the performance or management of administrative business operations Human resources: is a term used to describe the individuals who comprise the workforce of an organization, although it is also applied in labor economics to, for example, business sectors or even whole nations. Human resources is also the name of the function within an organization charged with the overall responsibility for implementing strategies and policies relating to the management of individuals (i.e. the human resources). This function title is often abbreviated to the initials HR. User-Interface: is (a place) where interaction between humans and machines occurs. The goal of interaction between a human and a machine at the user interface is effective operation and control of the machine, and feedback from the machine which aids the operator in making operational decisions. Credentials: is an attestation of qualification, competence, or authority issued to an individual by a third party with a relevant de jure or de facto authority or assumed competence to do so. Automated System: is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization.

George Mayo and The Hawthorne Effect Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hawthorne Effect has been described as â€Å"the rewards you reap when you pay attention to people† (Maslow, 2005). George Elton Mayo conducted the Hawthorne Studies with the intention of bringing about a greater understanding of the effects of working conditions on worker productivity. The results of these studies turned out to be contrary to the management theories of the times but were important in creating an understanding of motivation factors in workers. â€Å"The studies have had a profound effect on the field of Organizational development† (Richard, 2004). Due to the research efforts of past management theorists, we have many more insightful management trends and educated managers today. Biography of Theorist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George Elton Mayo was born in Adelaide, South Australia, on December 26, 1880. He was the second child of a respected colonial family, whose father was a civil engineer. After failing to follow in his grandfather’s footsteps studying medicine, he was sent to Britain. He then began to write about Australian politics for the Pall Mall Gazette and taught at the Working Men’s College in London. Afterwards, he returned to the university and became the most brilliant student of the philosopher, Sir William Mitchell, although his views on management cause him to be unpopular. George Mayo married Dorothea McConnel, and then had two daughters, Patricia Elton Mayo, who would follow her father’s management...

Example of informative speech outline Essay

I. Introduction A. Attention Getter:Today, just about everyone depends on information and communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like work, education, health care, leisure activities, entertainment, travelling, personal relationships, and the other stuff with which we are involved. So what? We need to be aware that the values we hold, the beliefs we harbour and the decisions we make are based on our assumptions, our experiences, our education and what we know for a fact. We rely on mass media for the current news and facts about what is important and what we should be aware of. B. Reason to Listen:Media Effects and Society provides an in-depth look at media effects and is one of the most unresolved issues in our society, and it is necessary to be knowledgeable to its effect. C. Thesis Statement:Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. D. Credibility Statement:1. I have been seen the related issues of mass media in the news. 2. I have read and studied about the effects of mass media in a related book news paper and, and have done research on the Internet. E. Preview of Main Points:1. First, I will discuss the influence of social media in the society. 2. Finally, I will discuss the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. II. Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. A. Social Media is one of the most influential issues in the society. 1. There are three basic functions of mass media. a. Providing news and information b. Entertainment c. Education 2. How media influence us a. According to Victoria Sherrow, in her book Violence the question of cause and effect and the Media: There are positive and negative influences of mass media, which we must understand as a responsible person of a society. b. New and influential media-distribution channels have appeared in the 21st century. Delivered via the World Wide Web across the Internet, we are influenced daily by blogs, wikis, social networks, virtual worlds and myriad forms of content sharing. c. Radio and then television were very influential. As the 20th century closed, TV exposed us to untold numbers of images of advertising and marketing, suffering and relief, sexuality and violence, celebrity, and much more. Transition: Now that I have discussed the influence of social media, I will now discuss the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. B. The impact of Media on the society 1. Social impact a. Couldry states that â€Å"Mass media generally are considered a prime candidate given the on-line profusion of information and entertainment services. This article compares the daily mass media habits of heavy, light, and nonusers of personal computers and on-line services based on 1994 and 1995 national surveys conducted by the Times-Mirror Center for the People and the Press.† b. On a social level, media has its greatest impact. Viewpoints have been shaped due to the representation of different cultures, races, genders, religions, and sexual orientations. c. Graham noted that social media usage by teens and younger kids sparks a greater fear for some in society. d. Social media has made it possible for like minded individuals to discuss important topics, widen their personal knowledge and discover things they never knew before. 2. Political impact a. The rise of a â€Å"networked information economy† (Benkler, 2006) has revolutionized the media political economy. b. As the Internet plays a larger role in governance, campaigns and activism, the debate continues about how social and digital media are changing politics. c. Social media therefore introduce new informational capabilities for producing, recording and spreading information through networks (Norris, 2002). III. Conclusion A. Review Main Points: 1. Today I discussed the influence of social media in the society. 2. Finally, I discussed the effects of social media and the impact to the society and to the individual. B. Research thesis:Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. C. Closure:In conclusion, social media has politically and socially made an impact to our society. Each individual have there negative and positive effects; thus we must knowledgeably know the basic elements and it’s fundamentals to avoid violence. References Sherr, V. (2005).Violence the question of cause and effect anAlcoholics Anonymous Meeting Experiencd the Media. Article Kohut, A. (2007). Social Impact Research Personal Computer, Man Made, Use of Time Journal, 243-248 Couldry, N. (2000).Media, Society World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. uPublish.com Graham, R. (2014). Social Media Causing a Distancing Phenomena To Take Place. New York, New York: Reader’s Digest. http://journalistsresource.org/studies/politics/citizen-action/research-internet-effects-politics-key-studies#sthash.nuKv68tq.dpuf

The Future of Quebec Province or Nation essays

The Future of Quebec Province or Nation essays The idea of any separation movement is an emotional one, and the secession movement by the Canadian province of Quebec is no exception. Quebec is a primarily French-speaking province of 7 million that has been frustrated with being part of the primarily Anglo Canada. It has held two independence referendums and in 1995 nearly voted to officially split from Canada. It is an emotional issue for both nationalists and separatists. It hurts both sides to know that they each see the nation differently. Nationalists see a Canada that includes Quebec; a province whose differences the Canadian government has respected ever since Quebec was gained from France by the Treaty of Paris in 1763. For separatists, the nation is Quebec, and only Quebec. They feel culturally isolated and wish to be politically isolated as well. For separatists, secession is a matter of pride. This is a province whose peoples pride and culture has felt threatened since the eighteenth century, when at the end of the Seven Years War the people of Quebec were handed over by France to Britain, as if they were property to be owned and traded. Although the people were not mistreated or oppressed by Britain, it was a bitter feeling then and remains so today. The provinces sad motto is Je me souviens which means I remember, and it appears on every Quebec license plate and is inscribed in flowers in Quebec City. It refers to a popular poem in which the author remembers being born happy under France, and raised unhappy under Great Britain. Still, is this unhappiness so deep, is the separation felt so strongly that the province needs to be even more separate? Why exactly do Quebecois feel threatened? One of their deepest complaints has to do with the protection of their language, the French language. It seems that from as far back as 1763 both the French and the English have been waiting for the other side to assimilat ...

Kurt Baier Essays

Kurt Baier Essays Kurt Baier Paper Kurt Baier Paper Kurt Baier The Medieval Christian Picture: This view holds that man is a divine creature with a purpose assigned to him by his Maker. There is nothing and no one in the world in which we can have faith or trust, or look to for guidance, etc. except for other humans. This means that life cannot lie in submission to God’s will. Christians cannot justify the enormous amounts of undeserved suffering in the world. Modern Scientific Picture: Scientists and educated men feel the Christian attitude towards the world and human existence is inappropriate. While science has both robbed us of any purpose that we had before, it has also furnished us with enormously greater power to achieve these purposes. The Purpose of Human Existence: The conditions necessary to sustain life will not last forever. We are to live lives full of activities devoid of purpose are futile and worthless. -Contemporary Astronomy: By referring to the Big Bang Theory Baier says refutes the Christian ideas and agrees with the modern scientific view. -Contemporary Biology: â€Å"Science does not rob human life of purpose, but rather helps us to comprehend what our purpose of life is. Two Conceptions of Purpose: Reason Based: 1. The universe is intelligible 2. Life has a purpose 3. All men’s hopes and desires can ultimately be satisfied Artifact Based: Uses examples such as hieroglyphics and fossils. Divine Plan: The earthly life is not worth living because there is another eternal life of happiness and joy. Is earthly living worth living? Two Disappointment Propositions (Christian View): 1. ) Earthly life is not worth living 2. ) There is another perfect life of eternal happiness and joy

Science Fiction - Blade Runner Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science Fiction - Blade Runner - Term Paper Example Rather than judging the movie, according to a pre-existing definition of post modernism, it is important to look at how the movie has used the images of the postmodern to reinforce certain themes. In order to effectively study how postmodernism has been embraced in this film, we can categorize the postmodern characteristic as concern for language as a means of communication, a concern with the relationship of love verses duty and an analysis of an individual’s relationship to the society that he or she belongs to. The film does not take place in a space station or a space ship, but in a city which is Los Angeles, in 2019, a step away from the development of a society that is contemporary. The line between late capitalism and postmodernism is highlighted in the film representation of a postindustrial decay (Peary 1984). The future as expressed in the film, does not realize an idealized aseptic technological order, however, it resembles the present state of the city and of the order of capitalism (Brooker 2002). Postmodernism in the film has also been reflected as to how individual’s in the film related to each other in the society that they belong to. For an instant, there is much disagreement among both filmmakers and fans as to exactly why Roy saves Deckard life at the end of the movie. According to Ridley Scott, â€Å"it was an endorsement in a way that this character is more human than human in that he was able to demonstrate human quality at a time when the roles in the film were reversed and Deckard could have been happy to kill him. But instead Roy takes the human direction. Also, in a way, because Roy requires a kind of a death watch, in which he vividly knows that his time of dying is closing up. So in a sense he is passing the information that what their creators are doing is wrong and the thing that they have to do is to either stop making them or to deal with them as humans † (Will 2005). Another idea that Scott has implemented

Freight Transport in Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Freight Transport in Europe - Essay Example In the modern era when every field is shaping itself, European freight transports have had to update according to globalization practices. However the hope of 2010 is there according to which it is expected that EU would take serious measures to half the road distance. According to Pompeo and Sapountzis (2002) one of the major reasons that could be count towards a constant rate in freight growth is being over confident in taking risks. (Pompeo & Sapountzis, 2002) Of course, the risk factor is there when ERTRAC is keen to achieve the following by 2010: During 1973 to 1976 and 1977 to 1981 the priority of the EU was to avoid damaging policy impact; and in 1982 to 1986 and 1987 to 1992 the emphasis was on risks and benefits of environmental policies for the internal market of cargoes. Even the European Environmental Agency held responsible the EU for the road static transportation infrastructure and for the exposure to the pollution of water and air. However, during 1992 to 1999 there was a stronger accent on 'paradigmatic change' to reflect global environmental risks, with proposed structural change in favour of public transport, energy efficiency and waste prevention. (Carter & Turnock, 2002, p. 57) It started with the UK publication, when in 1989 UK Transportation department concerning continuous growth of roads made some sentimental remarks. The remarks were emotional enough to jerk the Government to think seriously about the then transportation system which consisted of a developing European market in terms of logistics and freight. Therefore a program initiated which required heavy investment in motorways and trunk roads. It was announced that UK Government has decided to make the roads better. The program was so successful that it effectively doubled the existing investment plans and was seen as a commitment to the provision of infrastructure 'suited to the single market and other competitive challenges of the 1990s and beyond'. It was also argued that the investment was necessary for industry and to improve the country's economic geography, through increasing opportunities for less favoured regions, assisting urban regeneration and helping more prosperous areas to cope wi th growth. The programme had resulted from a substantial increase in road traffic (35 %) in the 1980s and the prospects of a doubling of road traffic from 1988 to 2025. Something had to be done and the government decided that road building was the main alternative to be pursued. (Berechman & Banister, 2000, p. 3) The past two decades in EU freight The past 50 years of European market has gone through tremendous ups and downs, where ups have been mostly initiated by the growth of free trade which liberalize the European market. The free movement and removal of transport barriers provide the EU with the motivation to create and groom their economic market. However in the initial 90s the growth through road transport was at little as 3%. There were many transport problems, among which the most

Financial Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Financial Report - Essay Example The objectives of this financial report comparison of the two companies are to enable us to find out the performance of each of the two companies in their markets of operations. This will be done through the comparison and interpretation of financial ratios, which will inform the decisions as to whether in the company an employee can be rewarded, decisions of borrowing or not as well as when the companies are due for expansion and so forth. This is all done through financial analysis, which is the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of Financial data along with other pertinent information to assist in investment and financial decision making.This analysis will involve the calculation, presentation, and interpretation of the financial ratios of both companies. The ratios to be considered will be grouped in terms of Liquidity Ratios, Profitability ratios, Activity Ratios, Financial Leverage ratios and Shareholders ratios. The liquidity ratios will provide information about the tw o companies to meet their short term and immediate obligations. On the other hand, profitability ratios provide the amount of income by each company of the sales they make. Activity ratios will show the stakeholders of the companies on the company’s ability to manage its assets efficiently hence its ability to operate into the future. There is also the Financial Leverage ratio, which provides information on the company’s degree of commitment to its fixed financial obligations and their ability to satisfy such obligations. Lastly, we will look at the shareholders ratios of the two companies, which are aimed at describing to the shareholders the company’s financial position in terms of the amounts per share of stock, held by the owners of the company (Kingfisher plc - Investors & Media - Results & presentations - Preliminary results for the year ended 28 January 2012. (2013, March 3).

Telecommuting Essay Example for Free

Telecommuting Essay Historically, Americans have slavishly followed the corporate structure of working in an office and relaxing at home. In the 1980’s when computers begin to catch on so did the idea of a flexible work arrangement. In researching, one found that the implementation of telecommuting in the workforce has greatly improved the performance of businesses, increased employee satisfaction, and helped the environment. This research is based on historical data recorded from the 1990’s to present day in reference books, journals, and web based articles. This paper intends to expound on the ways telecommuting can be harmful or beneficial in the workplace. Telecommuting refers to workers doing their jobs from home for part of each week and communicating with their office using computer technology. Telecommuting is growing in many countries and is expected to be common for most office workers in the coming decades. This paper will discuss the origins of telecommuting, define the term telecommuting, and predict the future of telecommuting in the U.S. How will society be affected by the growth of telecommuting? One will discuss the benefits and hindering aspects of telecommuting in the work place. Will companies save money initially and hurt their business in the future? Often times before looking to the future it is helpful to glance at the past. States without labor laws relating to homework fall under the jurisdiction of the US Department of labor and its Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938. The work-at-home sourcebook by Lynie Arden discussed how the FLSA initially prohibited seven industries from using home workers. Congresswoman Olympia Snowe of Maine introduced the Home Employment Enterprise Act in the House of Representatives. Congresswoman Snowe told the House, â€Å"cottage industries play a vital role in the economy of the state of Maine, large parts of New England, and other areas of the nation. The independent nature of homework and the unavailability of alternative employment opportunities make working at home ideal. It is time to safeguard the freedom to choose to work at home† (Arden, 4). Before the bill was voted on, prohibitions on industrial homework in five of six industries were lifted by the U.S. Department of Labor in 1989. This along with Alvin Tofflers image of the electric cottage helped change the social construction of the workplace. Between 1980 and 1990 the annual consumption of personal computers rose by approximately 900 percent and expenditures on personal computers rose by 1100 percent (Biocca, 1993: 81). Professional occupations clutched onto the idea of using the computer as a space-flexible work tool. Eventually a new identity was carved out for this employee niche as well. People who work at home are enjoying a newfound respectability. In the early 1980s, many executives shied away from being called home workers. But it is now increasingly accepted behavior. With this acceptance the identity of home workers has changed (Braus, 1993a: 42). Respectability as a computer operator, according to this view, has been regained and has been transferred into the home as well as in the office. Ann McLaughlin, Secretary of Labor, said â€Å"Workforce flexibility is a critical element of our effort to create jobs, enhance the quality of work life for American workers and improve our competitive edge in the world markets. The changing workforce demographics demand that we provide employment opportunities that allow workers the freedom to choose flexible alternatives including the ability to work in one’s own home† (Arden, 5). Politicians with foresight were in tune with the coming change and the introduction of telecommuting into the workforce world. Many people define a telecommuter as anyone who works outside of a traditional office, whether at home, in a satellite office, or even out of a car. The Midway Institute for telecommuting education, a group that consults with businesses by conducting feasibility studies and implementation seminars, defined telecommuting as â€Å"an off-site work arrangement and that permits employees to work in or near their homes for all or part of the work week. Thus they commute to work by telephone and other telecommunications equipment rather than by car or transit† (Shaw, 6). Telecommuters can work from home, work from a telework center, or use a concept called hoteling. When working from home employees may have a home office that may contain the same kind of equipment that you get in a central office. Telework centers are typically satellite offices located some distance from the companys main office. Telework centers have an advantage over home offices in that technology and computer equipment can be shared rather than purchased separately for each telecommuter. Telecommuting employees work a couple of days a week from the telework center on a rotating basis, ensuring that computer terminals and workstations are in constant use. Equipment in home offices lies dormant when the telecommuter comes to work at the main office. Hoteling is a form of telecommuting used most often by sales staff who dont need a fixed desk in an office, but must have somewhere once a week to pick up mail, plug into the companys main database, or meet a client. This employee may check in an office in the north of a region one week, using a vacant desk or conference room for a couple of hours, and telecommute from the southern part of the region the next week. These three kinds of telecommuting are defined by location and structure. Telecommuting can have a downside and is not for everyone. Some people feel isolated without the regular social contact of the office and find it difficult to be motivated. Other obstacles include not being able to stop working at the end of the day, being distracted by the refrigerator or TV, and friends and family that don’t respect work time. There is no direct supervision of teleworkers, which could cause diminished productivity. The remote access needs of telecommuters could cause a security issue depending on the nature of the business. Sometimes removing the presence of a very positive or knowledgeable employee out of the office to telecommute could affect the morale of other team members (Career Builder). There are several reasons why employees and employers are thinking about telecommuting. The number one reason for employees is that people have begun to see that work isnt everything. They want to be better integrated with work and personal lives, and telecommuting is one way to free up more time. Other reasons include the desire to break through the glass ceiling, increased job stability, or just dislike for the traditional corporate structure. Telework give companies another avenue to do their part with reducing air pollution and being compliant with the Clean Air Act mandated by the federal government. One of the largest sources of pollution is the automobile. In heavy traffic automobiles are moving slower and causing even more problem to our environment. In most cities construction is taking place on roads to increase the size to help with this problem, but an even better solution is to encourage people who can to telecommute, so we will not need additional highways, parking lots, and airports in the future. Companies can enhance their recruiting efforts because they are not limited to hiring employees in a specific geographic area. Telecommuting helps companies achieve savings with real estate costs and overhead (Career Builder). Companies can grow without the need to create additional workstations or build new office spaces. The option to telecommute eliminates the number of employees who resign because they want or need to move to a new location. It is predicted that telecommuting will become an increasingly popular work option in many businesses and industries, and its usage is expected to increase in the future due to new innovations in computer and communication technology. This trend is driven by several factors. Linda Shaw, author of Telecommute! Go to Work without Leaving Home, wrote that the labor pool of employees with specific talents will shrink, making employers more willing to make concessions to keep valued employees happy. A smaller labor pool combined with an increasing demand for highly skilled laborers has fueled employee-driven change in working environments. Scarce, highly skilled workers have begun to demand more flexible work arrangements, especially as they choose to live farther and farther from their employers (Shaw 18). Shaw and other observers also note demographic changes within the American work force as a factor in the growth of telecommuting. These analysts contend that new generations of workers are less willing to sacrifice time with family than their counterparts of previous eras. This desire to spend more time at home and avoid long commutes is advertized as a key factor in making telecommuting an attractive benefit. Finally, new technologies have made working from home a viable alternative. With the advent of high speed modems, fax machines, voice mail, powerful personal computers, electronic mail, and cell phones to name a few, workers can now perform their jobs without losing touch with employers and customers. We are on the edge of a new era of telecommunications that will impact our lives and how we work and how we become productive in the 21st century. Society will be enhanced with workers that are happy with their work and life balance, the environment will be made better and companies that invest time in their telecommuters will continue to help their bottom line. Telecommuting may prove to be an effective means to enhance our lives and improve our productivity on this new frontier and I conclude that the strategy should be to find ways to enhance the capabilities for future telecommuters.